黛珂广告

北京去哪种植牙齿好 北京种植牙的价格收费合理

赵佳正++楼建林[摘要]意图剖析甲狀旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的确诊及医治特色。办法回忆性剖析2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例甲状旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的患者,设为研讨组,将同期其他甲状旁腺腺瘤手术患者53例作为对照组,将术后病理确诊作为金规范,剖析其确诊及医治的特色。成果研讨组中甲状腺乳头状

赵佳正++楼建林

 

[摘要] 意图 剖析甲狀旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的确诊及医治特色。 办法 回忆性剖析2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例甲状旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的患者,设为研讨组,将同期其他甲状旁腺腺瘤手术患者53例作为对照组,将术后病理确诊作为金规范,剖析其确诊及医治的特色。 成果 研讨组中甲状腺乳头状癌18例,甲状腺髓样癌1例,12例患者术前甲状旁腺素升高,7例血钙升高(2.67~2.86 mmol/L)。7例患者术前甲状旁腺素正常。对照组中51例患者甲状旁腺素升高,35例血钙升高(2.62~3.48 mmol/L)。研讨组中术前甲状旁腺素和血钙均低于对照组[(140.4±21.1)ng/L vs (253.9±52.4)ng/L,P=0.000;(2.54±0.23)mmol/L vs(2.73±0.26)mmol/L,P=0.021]。研讨组中甲状旁腺腺瘤的均匀最长径小于对照组[(14.2±7.6)mm vs(21.2±9.5)mm,P=0.000]。研讨组中3例患者行全甲状腺切除及甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,3例均呈现暂时性甲状旁腺功用减低,术后随访3~9个月,其间1例呈现永久性甲状旁腺功用减低。19例中1例呈现甲状旁腺素再次升高(甲状旁腺素:100.2 ng/L,血钙正常),对照组中15例呈现暂时性甲状旁腺功用减低,术后随访3~65个月,1例呈现永久性甲状旁腺功用减低,3例呈现甲状旁腺素再次升高(81.6~265.4 ng/L)。 定论 甲状旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的患者甲状旁腺腺瘤病灶较小,术前印象学查看确诊率低,这类患者全甲状腺切除术后发作永久性甲状旁腺功用减低危险较高,关于甲状腺癌患者引荐术前查看甲状旁腺素和血钙,以发现前期甲状旁腺肿瘤。

[关键词] 甲状旁腺腺瘤;甲状腺癌;手术;甲状腺激素

[中图分类号] R736.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)04-0078-04

Diagnosis and treatment features of parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer

ZHAO Jiazheng LOU Jianlin

Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment features of parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer. Methods A total of 19 cases of parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer admitted in Department of Head and Neck Surgery in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from January 2007 to June 2015 were chosen as the study group, and 53 patients with other parathyroid adenoma surgery in the same period were treated as the control group. Postoperative pathology was the gold standard for diagnosis. The diagnosis and treatment features were analyzed. Results In the study group, there were 18 cases of thyroid papillary carcinoma and 1 case of medullary thyroid carcinoma. 12 patients in the study group had elevated preoperative parathyroid hormone, and 7 cases had elevated serum calcium(2.67-2.86 mmol/L), while 7 patients had normal parathyroid hormone before surgery. In the control group, 51 patients had elevated parathyroid hormone and 35 patients had increased serum calcium(2.62-3.48 mmol/L). The levels of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium were lower in the study (140.4±21.1 ng/L vs 253.9±52.4 ng/L, P=0.000; 2.54±0.23 mmol/L vs 2.73±0.26 mmol/L, P=0.021). The average longest path of parathyroid adenoma in the study group was smaller than that in the control group(14.2±7.6 mm vs 21.2±9.5 mm, P=0.000). In the study group, 3 patients underwent total thyroidectomy and parathyroid adenoma resection, who all had temporary hypoparathyroidism, and 1 case had permanent parathyroid function in postoperative follow-up for 3 to 9 months. In 19 cases, one patient had parathyroid hormone increased again (parathyroid hormone: 100.2 ng/L, normal serum calcium). In the control group, 15 patients had temporary hypoparathyroidism, and one patient had permanent hypoparathyroidism and 3 pateints parathyroid hormone increased again (81.6-265.4 ng/L) in the follow-up for 3 to 65 months. Conclusion Parathyroid adenoma lesions in patients with parathyroid adenoma combined with thyroid cancer are smaller, and preoperative imaging diagnosis rate is low. The risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism in patients with total thyroidectomy is higher. For patients with thyroid cancer preoperative examination of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium are recommended to detect early parathyroid tumors.

[Key words] Parathyroid adenoma; Thyroid cancer; Surgery; Thyroid hormone

甲状旁腺腺瘤(parathyroid adenoma,PTA)是一种罕见的内排泄肿瘤,是引起原发性甲状旁腺功用亢(primary hyperthyroidism,PHPT)的首要原因,过度排泄的甲状旁腺素,会导致全身性钙磷骨代谢反常,既往大部分患者以骨病或泌尿系结石为主诉就诊[1]。有研讨显现17%~84%的PHPT患者兼并甲状腺疾病,2%~16%的PHPT患者伴发甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)[2-4]。跟着颈部彩超的运用,甲状腺疾病确诊患者日益增多,当这两种肿瘤兼并在一起时,确诊和医治上会变得愈加杂乱。部分PTA较难定位确诊。针对甲状腺癌的甲状腺全切及中心区淋巴结打扫会影响术后甲状旁腺功用,而PTA的手术医治也会添加术后永久性甲状旁腺功用减低的危险[5-6]。现在该类患者的临床报导较少,本研讨搜集2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例PTA兼并甲状腺癌的患者与53例同期手术的PTA患者的临床材料进行比照,对其确诊和手术医治进行总结。

1 目标与办法

1.1 研讨目标

搜集2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例PTA兼并甲状腺癌的患者,设为研讨组,PTA为散发型,扫除宗族性PTA和多发性内排泄瘤病病例,扫除肾功用衰竭引起的继发性甲状旁腺增生,扫除甲状旁腺腺癌及甲状旁腺囊肿等其他甲状旁腺肿瘤。挑选同期53例未兼并甲状腺癌的散发性PTA作为对照组。随访时刻至2016年9月31日。研讨组:男4例,女15例,年纪26~67岁,均匀50.0岁。病程2 d~4年。对照组:男6例,女47例,年纪21~75岁,均匀51.9岁。病程1周~7年。两组患者在年纪、性别、病程等一般材料方面比较,无显着差异(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 临床体现

研讨组中18例患者均因颈部彩超体检发现反常就诊,1例患者伴有肌肉关节痛苦无力和泌尿系结石;余18例均无显着症状。53例对照组中11伴有肌肉关节痛苦无力或泌尿系结石,42例患者无显着症状。研讨组中3例患者有颈部放射性触摸史。

1.3 实验室查看

患者术前均行甲状腺功用8项,甲状旁腺素(本研讨选用电化学发光办法检测全段甲状旁腺素,正常:15~65 ng/L)、降钙素、肝肾功用、血钙(正常:2.0~2.6 mmol/L),术后查看甲状旁腺素、血钙。

1.4 印象学查看

19例研讨组患者及53例对照组患者术前均行超声查看。14例行99Tcm-甲氧异腈(MIBI)甲状旁腺显影,54例行颈部CT查看。

1.5 手术办法

研讨组患者手术办法杂乱,根据术中手术记载:6例行一侧甲状旁腺腺瘤切除+一侧甲状腺腺叶及峡部切除+同侧Ⅵ区打扫。3例行一侧甲状旁腺肿瘤切除+全甲状腺切除+双侧Ⅵ区打扫,2例行双侧上极甲状旁腺腺瘤切除+一侧腺叶切除甲状腺+一侧Ⅵ区打扫。余8例患者为术后病理发现PTA,术前术中均未确诊PTA。53例对照组中51例行一侧甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,2例行双侧甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,12例术中切除结节性甲状腺肿。

1.6 统计学办法

选用软件包SPSS 20.0进行数据处理,年纪、甲状旁腺素、血钙和PTA最大直径等计量材料用均数±规范差(x±s)表明,两组之间比较选用t查验,P<0.05为差异有统计学含义。

2 成果

2.1 实验室成果

研讨组中12例术前甲状旁腺素升高(76.2~508 ng/L),均值140.4 ng/L,7例血钙升高(2.67~2.86 mmol/L)。7例术前甲状旁腺素正常。对照组中51例患者甲状旁腺素升高(68.9~1342 ng/L),35例血钙升高(2.62~3.48 mmol/L)。对照组术前甲状旁腺素、血钙显着高于研讨组(均P<0.05),见表1。术后24 h复查甲状旁腺素,研讨组中3例呈现暂时性甲状旁腺功用减低,均发作于全甲状腺切除者,余患者术后甲状旁腺素在正惯例模。对照组中15例呈现暂时性甲状旁腺功用减低。

2.2 印象学体现

研讨组中19例患者颈部彩超陈述,均发现甲状腺病变,可是仅9例提示甲状旁腺占位,敏感度为47.3%;对照组53例患者中45例彩超查看考虑甲状腺旁腺肿瘤,敏感度为84.9%。别的8例与甲状腺关系密切,考虑为甲状腺结节。研讨组5例、对照组9例患者行99Tem-MIBI甲状旁腺显影,12例患者显影甲状旁腺腺瘤并成功定位,敏感度为85.7%。2例患者因甲状腺癌搅扰,未能成功定位。19例研讨组中14例患者术前行颈部CT查看,仅5例陈述中置疑甲状旁腺肿瘤,敏感度为35.0%,余9例考虑增大淋巴结。53例对照组中,47例术前CT陈述置疑甲状旁腺肿瘤。见封三图5。

2.3 病理結果

研讨组中甲状腺乳头状癌18例,甲状腺髓样癌1例。2例患者PTA双发,10例患者甲状腺癌病灶与PTA病灶在不同侧。PTA最大径为(14.2±7.6)mm。对照组53例患者中兼并结节性甲状腺肿12例,2例兼并亚急性甲状腺炎。PTA直径为(21.2±9.5)mm。两组间PTA最大径有显着差异(P<0.05)。见表1。

2.4 随访

研讨组术后随访3~9个月,1例呈现永久性甲状旁腺功用减低,该例患者系甲状腺全切行双侧Ⅵ区打扫打扫患者,1例呈现甲状旁腺素再次升高(甲状旁腺素:100.2 ng/L,血钙正常)。对照组术后随访3~9个月,1例呈现永久性甲状旁腺功用减低,该例患者术前PTA一枚体积较大,40 mm×32 mm×25 mm,术后随访甲状旁腺素长时间稳定在7~8 ng/L。3例呈现甲状旁腺素再次升高(81.6~265.4 ng/L)。

3 討论

3.1 病因及特色

甲状旁腺和甲状腺安排均起源于胚胎内胚层,其胚胎学及解剖学的关系密切。本研讨中19例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者兼并有甲状腺恶性肿瘤。这与之前研讨成果根本共同。现在PTA并发甲状腺癌的机制不明,有学者以为这是一种偶然,还有学者以为高血钙的影响会导致甲状腺疾病,很早之前的研讨发现颈部放射性触摸也与PTA并发甲状腺癌相关。有研讨[7,8]发现在12例该类患者中67%的患者有颈部放射线的触摸史。本研讨中3例患者有颈部放射性触摸史。

本研讨中研讨组患者的甲状旁腺素、血钙升高细微,PTA体积小,较对照组PTA病变轻,发病比较藏匿,因为PTA体积小,排泄功用不强,因而术前彩超、99Tcm-甲氧异腈(MIBI)甲状旁腺显影敏感性较单纯PTA差,简单漏诊。术前研讨组患者均兼并了可疑恶性的甲状腺结节,因而,引起了临床医师的注重,经过术前的甲状旁腺素及血钙查看、术中探查,前期的PTA被确诊医治。该类患者骨关节病变和泌尿系结石病患细微,经过前期确诊医治,大大改进了该类患者的预后。这类患者能够以为是因为甲状腺癌的相关医治而被发现。经过本研讨,临床中主张对甲状腺癌的患者,术前惯例查看甲状旁腺素和血钙,有助于甲状旁腺肿瘤的发现,为同期手术供给可能。

3.2 医治

现在针对PTA,首要选用手术医治,切除功用亢进的甲状旁腺。一起发起术中快速检测PTH,主张PTH下降50%以上,避免遗失病变甲状旁腺[9-11]。而在甲状腺癌彻底治愈术中辨别甲状旁腺和维护甲状旁腺血供是甲状腺外科中面对的难题[12-14]。本研讨中3例甲状腺全切患者及PTA切除患者中1例发作永久性甲状旁腺功用减低。2015年我国医师协会甲状腺外科医师委员会拟定的《甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺维护专家一致》,为临床医师供给了协助。而当甲状腺癌患者兼并PTA时,手术医治变得愈加杂乱。首要,兼并甲状旁腺功用亢进时正常的甲状旁腺功用会被按捺而体积更小,更难于辨别[15-17]。其次,在进行甲状腺癌彻底治愈术时,淋巴结打扫以及甲状旁腺腺瘤切除的两层冲击会添加术后永久性甲状旁腺功用减低危险。术中精细化被膜解剖、维护正常甲状旁腺及血供、术前精确评价以及术中快速冰冻病理查看和术中快速甲状旁腺素测定十分重要[18-20]。

3.3 展望

笔者针对甲状腺癌兼并PTA的患者,想象:对切下的PTA安排进行体外冰冻保存,当患者术后呈现永久性甲状旁腺功用减低时,使用保存的PTA安排,进行安排匀浆化,在患者前臂肌肉内打针,以处理甲状旁腺功用减低,这种办法是否可行仍需求一系列研讨。

综上,跟着颈部彩超的使用,一些前期无症状的PTA兼并甲状腺癌患者在术前查看中被发现[21,22],该类患者PTA体积较小,术前印象学查看难以定性定位。而术前查看甲状旁腺素和血钙有助于甲状旁腺肿瘤的发现,为同期手术切除供给根据。

[参考文献]

[1] onkendi EO,Richards ML,Thompson GB,et al. Thyroid cancer detection with dual-isotope parathyroid scintigraphy in primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2012,19(5):1446-1452.

[2] Bentrem DJ,Angelos P,Talamonti MS,et al. Is preoperative investigation of the thyroid justified in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism[J]. Thyroid,2002,12(12):1109-1112.

[3] Attie Jn,Vardhan R. Association of hyperparathyroidism with nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma:Review of 31 cases[J].Head Neck,2013,15(1):20-23.

[4] Burmeister LA,Sandberg M,carty SE,et al. Thyroid carcinoma found at parathyroidectomy:Association with primary,secondary,and tertiary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Cancer,1997,79(8):1611-1616.

[5] RA Prinz,AL Barbato,SS Braithwaite,et al. Prior irradiation and the development of coexistent differentiated thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism[J]. Cancer,1982, 49(5):874-877.

[6] S Ryan,D Courtney,C Timon. Co-existent thyroid disease in patients treated for primary hyperparathyroidism:Implications for clinical management[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,2015,272(2):419-423.

[7] Mahmoodzadeh H,Harirchi,EM Hassan,et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with parathyroid adenoma[J].Acta Medica Iranica, 2012,50(5):353-354.

[8] Hedinger C,Williams ED,Sobin LH. The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors:A commentary on the second edition[J]. Cancer,1989,63(3):908-911.

[9] Hughes DT,Haymart MR,Miller BS,et al. The most commonly occurring papillary thyroid cancer in the United States is now a microcarcinoma in a patient older than 45 years[J]. Thyroid,2011,21(3):31-236.

[10] Mazzaferri EL. Managing thyroid microcarcinomas[J]. Yonsei Med J,2012,53(1):1-14.

[11] Morris LG,Sikora AG,Tosteson TD,et al. The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer:The influence of access to care[J]. Thyroid,2013,23(7):885-891.

[12] Cho BY,Choi HS,Park YJ,et al. Changes in the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of thyroid cancer in Korea over the past four decades[J]. Thyroid,2013,23(7):797-804.

[13] Pazaitou PK,Capezzone M,Pacini F. Clinical features and therapeutic implication of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma[J]. Thyroid,2007,17(11):1085-1092.

[14] Roti E,Uberti EC,Bondanelli M,et al. Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma:A descriptive and meta-analysis study[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2012,159(6):659-673.

[15] Brito JP,Gionfriddo MR,Al NA,et al. The Accuracy of thyroid nodule ultrasound to predict thyroid cancer:Systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Endocrinol metab,2014,99(4):1253-1263.

[16] Trimboli P,Guglielmi R,Monti S,et al. Ultrasound sensitivity for thyroid malignancy is increased by real-time elastography:A prospective multicenter study[J]. J Clin Endocrinol metab,2012,97(12):4524-4530.

[17] Ito Y,Miyauchi A,Inoue H,et al. An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients[J].World J Surg,2010,34(1):28-35.

[18] Ito Y,Miyauchi A,Kihara M,et al. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation[J]. Thyroid,2014, 24(1):27-34.

[19] Giugliano G,Proh M,Gibelli M,et al. Central neck dissection in differentiatedthyroid cancer:Technical notes[J].Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital,2014,34(1):9-14.

[20] Pietro GC,Giuseppe P,Fabio M,et al. Total thyroidectomy without prophylactic central neck dissection in clinically node-negative papillary thyroid cancer:Is it an adequate treatment?[J]. World J Surg Onco,2014,20(12):152-160.

[21] 譚迎杰. 多层螺旋CT在颈部包块中的确诊价值[J]. 中外医学研讨,2014,12(17):53-54.

[22] 高侃,闫冰,陈涛,等. 甲状旁腺腺瘤超声及螺旋CT印象特征比较研讨[J]. 疑难病杂志,2014,13(5):478-481.

(收稿日期:2016-11-03)

赵佳正++楼建林[摘要]意图剖析甲狀旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的确诊及医治特色。办法回忆性剖析2007年1月~2015年6月浙江省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的19例甲状旁腺腺瘤兼并甲状腺癌的患者,设为研讨组,将同期其他甲状旁腺腺瘤手术患者53例作为对照组,将术后病理确诊作为金规范,剖析其确诊及医治的特色。成果研讨组中甲状腺乳头状