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不同手术入路MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折时医源性桡神经损害的危险研讨

吴剑彬  王逸扬  周飞亚  冯永增  汤骏[摘要]意图体系点评不同手术入路微创钢板接骨术(minimallyinvasiveplatingosteosynthesis,MIPO)治療肱主干骨折医源性桡神经损害危险。办法选用主题词和自由词结合的办法,经过计算机检索Pubmed、考克兰数据库,检索起止时刻为从建库至2016年7月。搜集MIPO技能医治肱主干骨

吴剑彬  王逸扬  周飞亚  冯永增  汤骏

[摘要] 意图 体系点评不同手术入路微创钢板接骨术(minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis,MIPO)治療肱主干骨折医源性桡神经损害危险。 办法 选用主题词和自由词结合的办法,经过计算机检索Pubmed、考克兰数据库,检索起止时刻为从建库至2016年7月。搜集MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折的临床报导。挑选医源性桡神经损害和前臂外侧皮神经损害的发作率、神经损害的康复时刻和康复状况作为结局目标。选用Fisher's exact 查验比较不同手术入路MIPO技能医源性桡神经损害发作率的不同,P<0.05标明差异有统计学含义。 成果 共归入40项研讨984例骨折患者。归入的病例共呈现28例的医源性桡神经损害(2.85%)。687例远端前方入路的病例中呈现12例医源性桡神经损害(1.75%);228例远端外侧入路的病例中呈现11例医源性桡神经损害(4.82%);69例后侧入路的病例中呈现5例医源性桡神经损害(7.25%)。统计剖析成果标明,远端前方入路比其他两种入路损害发作率低(P=0.015和0.014),远端外侧入路组与后侧入路无明显不同(P=0.541)。 定论 MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折,医源性桡神经损害的危险与髓内钉附近,比ORIF低。远端前方入路比远端外侧入路和后方入路发作医源性桡神经损害的危险低。

[关键词] 肱骨骨折;桡神经损害;骨折内固定术;微创接骨术;MIPO;体系点评

[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)21-0066-07

Effect of MIPO in iatrogenic radial nerve injury in treating humeral diaphyseal fractures: A systematic review on different surgical approaches

WU Jianbin1 WANG Yiyang2 ZHOU Feiya1 FENG Yongzeng1 TANG Jun1

1.Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; 2.Department of Neonatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China

[Abstract] Objective To critically evaluate the effect of minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis(MIPO) in iatrogenic radial nerve injury in treating humeral diaphyseal fractures, and the differences between anterior, lateral, and posterior approach. Methods PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched from their inception to July 2016. Studies reported on the use of MIPO in treating humeral diaphyseal fractures were chosen. The following post-operative outcomes of interest were included in the systematic review: the incidence of iatrogenic radial nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm; the duration and status of recovery of the injury. Results A total of 984 humeral shaft fractures treated by MIPO were reviewed from 40 studies. There were 12(1.75%) injuries in 687 fractures treated through distal anterior approach, 11(4.82%) injuries in 228 fractures treated through distal lateral approach, and 5(7.25%) injuries in 69 fractures treated through posterior approach. The incidence in distal anterior approach is lower than distal lateral(P=0.015) and posterior approach (P=0.014). There was no significant difference between distal lateral and posterior approach group(P=0.541). Conclusion The incidence of iatrogenic radial nerve injury in humeral shaft fractures treated by MIPO is comparable to intramedullary nails(IMN), and is lower than open reduction internal fixation with plates(ORIF). As regard to surgical approaches, MIPO through distal anterior biceps-brachialis interval approach with brachialis splitting is superior to distal lateral and posterior approaches in reducing iatrogenic radial nerve injury.

[Key words] Humeral fractures; Radial nerve injury; Fracture internal fixation; Minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis; MIPO; Systematic review

肱主干骨折傳统上选用保存的办法医治[1],以长时刻制动和肩肘功用受限为价值[2]。因为能够完成骨折解剖复位、制动时刻短、肩肘关节能够取得与受伤前附近的功用水平,切开复位钢板螺钉内固定术(open reduction and internal fixation with plates,ORIF)逐步成为肱主干骨折的规范手术医治办法[3]。因为广泛的软组织剥离和骨膜损坏,感染、推迟愈合、不愈合、医源性桡神经损害成为ORIF术后常常发作的并发症。尽管闭合复位髓内钉内固定防止了广泛的软组织剥离和损坏,可是因为肱主干骨折不同于下肢主干骨折的生物力学环境、顺行髓内钉对肩袖的损坏、以及逆行髓内钉可能导致的医源性肱骨髁上骨折,髓内钉并没有代替ORIF,成为肱主干骨折的规范手术医治办法[4-6]。微创钢板接骨术(minimally invasive plating osteosynthesis,MIPO)是新式的一种代替ORIF和髓内钉医治肱主干骨折的办法,理论上能够防止ORIF和髓内钉技能的缺陷。因为神经血管与肱主干挨近的解剖联络,医源性桡神经损害是手术医治肱主干骨折最受重视的问题之一。医治肱主干骨折时,MIPO技能有数种不同手术入路。因为桡神经的解剖特色,当钢板放置在肱骨外侧或前方时,远端的手术入路可能会损害桡神经。当钢板放置在肱骨后方时,近端的手术入路可能会损害桡神经。本体系总述的意图是点评不同手术入路MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折时医源性桡神经损害的危险。

1 材料与办法

1.1 归入和扫除规范

1.1.1 归入规范 (1)报导运用MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折宣布的临床研讨;(2)归入的患者术前没有桡神经损害和(或)臂丛神经损害;(3)文献书写言语为英文或中文。

1.1.2 扫除规范 (1)研讨包含了肱骨外科颈以上部位的骨折和(或)累及肘关节的骨折,而未将肱主干骨折的医治成果别离报导;(2)病理性骨折、陈腐性骨折、敞开性骨折;(3)生物力学试验;(4)个案陈述、总述、体系回忆。

1.2 结局目标

医源性桡神经损害和医源性前臂外侧皮神经损害的发作率;神经损害的康复时刻和康复状况。

1.3 检索战略

检索Pubmed和Cochrane databases数据库,检索时没有时刻和言语的约束,没有约束研讨类型,没有运用考克兰的高敏感性、高精确性、以及统筹敏感性和精确性的检索战略,检索时刻为建库至2016年7月。检索时运用以下主题词和自由词组合:humeral fractures;fracture fixation,internal;fracture fixation;fracture osteosynthesis;osteosynthesis,fracture;fracture fixation,intramedullary;bone nails;humeral fracture;humeral fractures;humerus fracture;humerus fractures;humeral shaft fracture;humeral shaft fractures;humerus shaft fracture;humerus shaft fractures;humeral diaphyseal fracture;humeral diaphyseal fractures;humerus diaphyseal fracture;humerus diaphyseal fractures;humeral diaphysis fracture;humeral diaphysis fractures;humerus diaphysis fracture;humerus diaphysis fractures;fracture fixation;fractures fixation;internal fixation;plates;plate;bone plates;bone plate;extramedullary fixation;osteosynthesis;intramedullary nail;ntramedullary nails;nail;nails。手艺检索当选研讨的参考文献。

1.4 文献的归入和材料提取

由两位作者依照归入和扫除规范,独立挑选从上述数据库中检索到的标题和摘要。对契合规范的文章全文进行全面检查。两位作者独登时进行数据提取作业。当定见不共同时,经过与资格较深的作者评论处理。从归入的研讨中提取如下信息:(1)研讨办法;(2)患者的特色(包含年纪、性别、骨折类型、并发损害等);(3)研讨的归入和扫除规范;(4)干涉办法的特色(包含手术入路、内固定办法);(5)成果。医源性桡神经损害界说为骨折内固定术后呈现的腕关节、拇指和掌指关节伸直瘫痪或无力,可伴有手背桡侧的感觉减低或消失。当信息缺失时,企图经过电子邮件联络文献的通讯作者。

1.5 统计学处理

搜集的数据为计数材料,运用Fishers exact查验比较不同手术入路MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折时的医源性桡神经发作率不同,P<0.05标明差异有统计学含义。运用Stata软件(StataSE 12.0;StataCorp LP,USA)进行统计剖析。

2 成果

2.1 文献检索成果

文献挑选流程见图1。共检索到相关文献5085篇,终究有40项研讨契合归入规范[7-47]。3项归入研讨为随机对照研讨(randomized controlled trials,RCTs)[8、9、13],其间2项RCTs比较MIPO技能和交锁髓内钉医治肱主干骨折的效果[8、9],1项研讨比较MIPO和ORIF医治肱主干骨折的效果[13]。5项归入研讨为比较MIPO和ORIF的非随机比较研讨[10-12、14、15],其间2项为回忆性比照研讨[10、15],2项为运用前史对照的前瞻性比照研讨[12、14],1项为前瞻性比照研讨[11]。1项归入研讨为比照MIPO技能和胀大髓内钉技能的回忆性行列比照研讨[7]。31项归入研讨为没有对照组的临床研讨,其间7项为前瞻性的[18、26-28、30、32、44],16项为回忆性的[16、17、20-22、25、31、33、36、38-43、45],8项研讨没有标明其前瞻性或回忆性特色[19、23、24、29、34、35、37、46]。

2.2 归入研讨的基本特征

表1描绘了当选研讨的特色。25项研讨在亚洲进行[7、8、10-15、17、19、22、23、25、27-30、32、34、36、37、39、40、44、46],7项研讨在南美洲进行[9、20、24、26、41-43],5项研讨在欧洲进行[21、31、33、38、45],3项研讨在北美洲进行[16、18、36]。36项当选研讨是英文文献[8-16、18-33、35-39、41-46],4项研讨是中文文献[7、17、34、40]。

因为桡神经的解剖特色,当钢板放置在肱骨外侧或前方时,远端的手术入路可能会损害桡神经。当钢板放置在肱骨后方时,近端的手术入路损害桡神经可能性大。因而咱们依据手术入路将当选文献分为3组:(1)远端前方手术入路组,此入路运用肱二头肌-肱肌空隙,纵行劈开肱肌,将钢板放置在肱骨前方;(2)远端外侧手术入路组,包含肱二头肌-肱桡肌空隙、肱肌-肱桡肌空隙、肱三头肌-肱桡肌空隙,将钢板远端放置在肱骨外侧或肱骨外侧髁前方;(3)后方入路組,此入路近端切断纵向劈开肱三头肌,将钢板放置在肱骨后方。在归入的文献中,有25项研讨描绘了其远端切断从肱二头肌-肱肌空隙进入并纵向劈开肱肌[7-11、13、14、17-34];有1项研讨尽管没有详细描绘手术入路细节,但钢板是放在肱骨的前方的[46]。9项归入研讨经过远端外侧入路[12、15、16、35-37、40、41、45]。3项归入研讨经往后侧入路[42-44]。有2项归入研讨依据骨折方位,挑选远端前方或外侧入路[38、39]。在归入的文献中,一切经过远端前方入路的MIPO手术,在术中都没有露出桡神经。绝大多数经过其他入路的MIPO手术,术中暴露桡神经[12、16、35、36、38-45]。

当选的研讨一共归入了1014例骨折。男性占61.6%,年纪规模从14~95岁。表1描绘了归入病例的AO/OTA骨折类型散布。考虑到骨折伴行的术前桡神经损害和臂丛神经损害,有984例肱主干骨折终究归入咱们的体系点评。

2.3 结局目标

在归入的984例肱主干骨折中,一共呈现了28例医源性桡神经损害(2.85%)。不同的手术入路方面,在687例远端前方入路的病例中,呈现12例医源性桡神经损害(1.75%);在228例远端外侧入路的病例中,呈现11例医源性桡神经损害(4.82%);在69例后侧入路的病例中,呈现5例医源性桡神经损害(7.25%)。Fishers exact查验成果标明,远端前方入路与远端外侧入路(P=0.015)和后侧入路(P=0.014)比较,医源性桡神经损害发作率有明显性不同,远端前方入路发作率低;远端外侧入路与后侧入路比较,医源性桡神经的发作率没有明显不同(P=0.541)。

5例医源性桡神经损害经过再次手术探查后彻底康复,康复时刻从再次手术后48 h~6个月不等。术中发现其间3例桡神经在骨折部位有伤害;1例桡神经损害作者描绘是因为牵拉导致的;1例桡神经损害尽管经过手术探查后彻底康复,但文献未描绘术中发现。1项归入研讨没有报导医源性桡神经损害的医治办法和康复状况,此研讨仅触及1例损害。余下的22例医源性桡神经损害未进跋涉一步干涉,经过3周~6个月时刻,或在最终一次随访时神经功用彻底康复。此外,在远端前方入路组中发作7例(7/687, 1%)前臂外侧皮神经损害,在未进行干涉的状况下彻底康复,康复时刻为2~6个月,远端外侧入路组和后侧入路组未报导发现前臂外侧皮神经损害。

3 评论

医源性桡神经损害是手术医治肱主干骨折时最受重视的问题。依据以往荟萃剖析的成果,ORIF医治肱主干骨折医源性桡神经损害的发作率为4.8%~6.7%,髓内钉为2.5%~3.0%[47-49]。本体系总述标明,在984例MIPO技能医治的肱主干骨折病例中,有28例医源性桡神经损害发作,发作率为2.85%,与既往报导的髓内钉技能的发作率附近。这可能与这两种医治办法的闭合复位技能和微创特色有关。27例医源性桡神经损害均彻底康复,1例神经损害的康复状况未被报导。5例损害经过再次手术探查后彻底康复,术中发现3例桡神经在骨折端有伤害,1例损害是因为神饱尝牵拉所形成的。这些发现标明,在运用MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折时,医源性桡神经损害与术中骨折闭合复位操作相关性大。和顺行和逆行髓内钉比较,MIPO技能的长处在于其防止了对肩关节功用的搅扰和医源性肱骨髁上骨折的危险。本体系总述标明MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折,医源性桡神经损害发作率小于既往报导的ORIF的发作率。这可能与切开复位内固定术需广泛切开剥离软组织、术中运用拉钩牵拉软组织等侵袭性操作有关。

Linavi运用MIPO技能将钢板放置在肱主干的前方,并经过超声进行调查,发现桡神经在肱骨远端与钢板十分挨近[18]。Ji经过尸体解剖发现,当钢板经过MIPO技能放置在肱骨外侧时,桡神经与钢板远端十分挨近[37]。因而,不管钢板放置在肱骨外侧或前方时,相对于桡神经来说,近端入路相对安全,远端入路与医源性桡神经损害相关性大。当钢板放置在肱骨后方时,劈开肱三头肌是仅有的入路。所以本研讨将归入的肱主干骨折分为三组:(1)远端前方入路组,运用肱二头肌-肱肌空隙,纵行劈开肱肌;(2)远端外侧入路组,运用肱二头肌-肱桡肌空隙、肱肌-肱桡肌空隙或肱三头肌-肱桡肌空隙;(3)后侧入路组。最常运用的是远端前方入路,27项选用此切断的归入文献对手术入路的描绘均十分共同,且都没有暴露桡神经。在解剖方面,肱肌内侧是由肌皮神经分配的,外侧是由桡神经分配的。纵行劈开肱肌暴露肱骨前方时,肱肌的外侧部分会维护桡神经。尽管远端前方入路术中没有暴露桡神经,医源性桡神经损害的发作率依然比其他两种入路低,这意味着纵行劈开肱肌的操作是相对安全的。此入路的缺陷在于可能会损害坐落肱二头肌和肱肌之间的前臂外侧皮神经,且不能在骨折线接近远端时取得结实固定。

遠端外侧入路组有3个不同肌肉空隙暴露办法,它们的意图是相同的,就是当骨折接近肱骨远段时,能够将钢板放置的更远并取得结实固定。尽管本研讨归入的绝大多数选用此入路的病例术中均暴露了桡神经,医源性损害的发作率仍是大于远端前方入路,与既往报导的ORIF医治肱主干骨折发作率附近。后侧入路组的医源性桡神经损害发作率高于远端前方入路组,这可能是因为此入路近端切断有限的操作空间形成的。

尽管本体系总述展开了广泛的检索战略,检索了多个电子数据库,并企图联络归入研讨的通讯作者。在检索电子数据库时,本次研讨将主题词和自由词(或关键词)进行了广泛的结合,但本研讨仍有限制。首要,归入的研讨只要3项为随机对照研讨,其间2项研讨的对照组为交锁髓内钉,1项为ORIF,因而咱们没有展开Meta剖析。其次,依据相关研讨[50],大多数归入研讨的依据等级为四级(33/40, 82.5%)。第三,因为言语障碍,咱们扫除了英文和中文以外的文献。第四,尽管咱们将归入的病例依据手术入路进行了分组,可是闭合复位的具体操作和手术操作者的经历,在不同的归入研讨中是不同,这会影响到医源性桡神经损害发作率。

本研讨是第一次依据不同手术入路,体系总述MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折时医源性桡神经损害的危险。与既往的文献报导成果比较,MIPO技能医治肱主干骨折,医源性桡神经损害的危险比髓内钉附近,比ORIF低。针对不同的手术入路,选用远端前方入路的MIPO技能,与远端外侧入路和后方入路比较,发作医源性桡神经损害的危险低。可是因为大多数归入本体系总述的研讨的依据质量较低,这些成果需谨慎地解读。

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(收稿日期:2017-03-14)

吴剑彬  王逸扬  周飞亚  冯永增  汤骏[摘要]意图体系点评不同手术入路微创钢板接骨术(minimallyinvasiveplatingosteosynthesis,MIPO)治療肱主干骨折医源性桡神经损害危险。办法选用主题词和自由词结合的办法,经过计算机检索Pubmed、考克兰数据库,检索起止时刻为从建库至2016年7月。搜集MIPO技能医治肱主干骨